Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essays

Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essays Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essay Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essay Hazaribagh is a densely populated unplanned area of Dhaka city where about 185 leather processing industries have been operating and discharging solid and liquid wastes directly to the low-lying areas, river and natural canals without proper treatment. For this unsympathetic development of the city urban living environment is deteriorating and becoming unlivable. Hazaribagh area is an unplanned area where leather processing industries have begun to develop from 1950s. Due to the rapid expansion of these industries since 1950s and their untreated toxic effluent discharge, it has a measurable impact on the living environment of this area. The regulatory measures are not that much practiced to restrict pollution. So the contamination level has reached to a level that the citizens are suffering from different pollution related problems. A detailed level policy frame work and planning implication is essential for the development of the area and for ensuring livable environment. To assess the environmental degradation of heavy metals of water samples, heavy metals and organic carbon content of sediment were analyzed by many project works and thesis. This study is based on secondary source materials and is focused on how these tannery industries evolved in this particular place? Why it has emerged so rapidly? And what impact it has been extending to the surrounding zones especially on the forms and morphology of the neighborhood. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction4 2. Objectives and scope of the Study5 . Methodology5 4. History of Tannery Industry in Bangladesh6 5. Hazaribagh Tannery in Dhaka City6 6. Hazaribagh Tannery: Impact on the form and morphology in Surrounding Environment 8 6. 1Houses and Residence of Hazaribagh Tannery9 6. 2Road Network and Drainage System of Hazaribagh Tannery10 6. 3Locations of Industries11 6. 4UNIDO environment Programme 12 7. Findings and Analysis12 7. 1 Socio economic condition of surrounding area13 7. 2 Physical condition of sur rounding areas14 7. 3 Biodiversity and Pollution14 8. Tannery Relocation and Settlement of Hazaribagh Tannery and15 Redevelopment of Hazaribagh Tannery Area 9. Recommendation and Conclusion19-21 10. References 22 1. Introduction Tanneries are the oldest industries in Bangladesh of which 95 percent are concentrated mainly in Hazaribagh area of Dhaka city. It is also a potentially rich manufacturing sector in terms of both financial return and social benefits. Hazaribagh with an area of 3. 8 square kilometer is surrounded by Mohammadpur thana on the north, Kamrangirchar thana on the south, Dhanmondi and Lalbagh thanas on the east, Keraniganj upazila and Buriganga river on the west. It is situated on the south-west part of capital Dhaka. The first tannery industry in Dhaka was established hundred years ago. Later on for the higher profit, concentration of industries increased with in a short period of time. This uncontrolled expansion of industrial zone extended its pressure on physical condition of environment and transformed the area to a brown field. It is now very essential to redevelop the site in planned and controlled manner. Due to the rapid growth of populations demand of housing is also increased and urbanization extended to this peripheral zone. The Hazaribagh area has a great mix up of industrial and residential activities. This residential areas has a huge shortage of ancillary facilities. Further more toxic pollutant from the industries is a serious threat for them. The dumping of untreated wastes from tannery industries in Hazaribag, Dhaka is the major source of pollution of Buriganga. The chromium released from the Hazaribag tannery industries has been contaminating the water of the river Buriganga for the last forty-five years. This highly polluted water is spreading various diseases including cancer. A statistics available from the Department of Environment reveal that 95 per cent of the tannery industries have been built in unplanned way at the congested places of Hazaribag during the last fifty years. At present during the peak monsoon about 21 thousand and 600 cubic meters of liquid toxic wastes are dumped daily into the river Buriganga from the 185 tannery industries of Hazaribag. There is no alternative way to dump this liquid toxic waste at the time of continuous production of tannery industries. Unfortunately a recent observation of Hazaribagh clearly shows an active decay and destruction primarily attributed to unplanned growth and poor maintenance. This area now appears no more than an inner city unhygienic environment. Technical compatibility is necessary to improve the houses and the community with certain policies. An architect is one who has the socio cultural consciousness, technical assistance, historical knowledge and moreover intuition by which he can foresee the befitting three dimensional redevelopment of an area. As a student of architecture, the main concern of this study is to propose the Community a guideline for healthy living environmental keeping the unique fabric of the area with cultural and historical consciousness. 2. Objectives and scope of the study The study area has been selected here for investigation as an important and ensitive part of the Dhaka city which is associated with very hazardous environment. The major objectives of the study are: To improvement the accessibility these areas by providing a sustainable living environment. To revitalize their living standard and to improve social awareness. To identify of social infrastructure, and environmental condition of Hazaribagh tannery area to minimize those problems. In this study at first the paper describes the his tory of the tannery industry in Bangladesh as well as the background on the Hazaribag Tannery. Based on that, this paper analyses some findings of Hazaribagh tanneries and its impact on the form and morphology. This paper than addresses some means and ways to overcome the problem for better living in that area. 3. Methodology The study is based on relevant literature review, their analysis and cross–checking of the situation with field level observation and discussions. 4. History of Tannery Industry in Bangladesh From 1800 to mid 1960 South Asian used the vegetable tanned crust, a non-polluting tanning process which worked well as an environmental friendly process. The process was introduced in Bangladesh in the late 1940s. At first tanneries emerged in the Hazaribagh of Dhaka and Chandgao of Chittagong. This business was dominated by the Indians. Soon Pakistani entrepreneur replaced the Indians. After independence of Bnagladesh in 1971 changes took place in every sector and the Leather industries were not beyond it. In 1972, Tanneries Corporation has launched by the Government to make this sector more profitable. Afterwards a powerful committee was formed by the EDB (Export Development Bureau) to earn more foreign exchanges. In 1977, the Government imposed an export duty on wet blue leather which forced the industry to covert crust and finished leather into value added leather products. Many joint ventures took advantage of the Promotion and Protection Act of 1980 which brought a large amount of foreign investment to Bangladesh and the leather industries in Bangladesh flourished. 5. Hazaribagh Tannery in Dhaka City Hazaribagh, Dhaka’s biggest leather processing industrial zone, is in the middle of one of the most densely populated residential districts. Its industries freely dump untreated toxic waste directly into the low-lying area, river and natural canals. According to the Department of Environment (DoE), nearly 22,000 cubic metres of untreated and highly toxic liquid waste is discharged by the tanneries every day into the water bodies including the River Buriganga, the lifeline of the capital. Aquatic life forms of the Buriganga are seriously threatened. Residents in Hazaribagh area have been complaining for a long time that the tanneries spread bad odor and pollute the air beyond tolerable limits. pic] Dhaka city map In the Hazaribagh area processing of animal hides is done by the deadly chemicals. This work involves soaking the skins in chemical-mixed water, liming and de-liming, scrapping off meat and fat and removing hair from rawhides, and finally tanning. And all this is done with bare hands. Every day workers are exposed to poisonous chemicals like chromium, sulphur, manganese, copper compound, lead and many more. Accord ing to experts, the dangerous mixture of chemicals, acids and dyes used in the tanneries are extremely hazardous to human body. Surrounded by high walls and with very little ventilation, the air inside the factories is suffocating with fumes, heat and odour of chemicals. While large factories have some facilities, the condition in smaller factories is deplorable. 6. Hazaribagh Tannery : Impact on the form and morphology in surrounding environment The leather industry sector, which is the fourth largest foreign exchange earner of the country contributing about six per cent of total export earnings, produces 150 metric tons of solid waste every day contaminating the environment and water of the metropolis. 9 per cent of the total wastage comes from processing of hides and skin, and accumulates in the swamp-sludge and the part of the solid waste is collected by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and taken to landfill sites. A woman sits with her child on the threshold of her shack in a bamboo slum. Her home is built directly over a pool of chemical waste from a nearby tannery plant which processes animal hide to m ake leather. The only way she and her children can get out of their house is by wading through the toxic water Sewerage and garbage infrastructure is poorly developed in Dhaka and it is estimated that only 18% of domestic sewerage enters the sewerage systems. Al. Highly toxic water released from Hazaribagh Tanneries accumulating in the low-lying areas inside the city’s protected embankment has been diverted into the adjacent water-retention points in the Mahammadpur slum areas. During heavy rainfall or in flood, the toxic water enters into thousands of houses. The area has been used as a dumping place for tannery waste for many years. 6. Houses and Residence of Hazaribagh Tannery The residents of the citys western part continue to suffer from the adverse effects of pollution caused by some 200 tanneries in Hazaribagh and surrounding areas. The dreadful stink of the tannery district can be smelt from miles away the residential areas like Rayerbazar, Jhigatola and parts of Dhanmondi. Even the fumes emitted by tanneries often damage their gold and silver ornaments and affects home applia nces such as TV, fridge, computer and air conditioner systems. Foot path and the adjacent area of Hazaribagh Tannery The tanneries discharge the effluents and wastes into the river system causing a large area of acid sludge alongside the flood protection embankment and the liquid wastes are dumped in the river through a flood control regulator-cum-sluice gates. During monsoon months, the flood protection embankments protect Dhaka from heavy flooding while making it difficult to flush-out waste water, thereby creating environmental hazard. During the dry season the waste water is flushed out into the river causing pollution of the river water and affecting the aquatic flora and fauna. The dumping of the solid wastes is seriously affecting the soil and plants, besides vitiating the air, groundwater and human health etc. The water quality of the river Buriganga during wet season and dry season are heavily polluted so that dissolved oxygen in the river water is found to be nil during the dry season and no aquatic animals can live in this condition. Most of the waste effluents are subjected to natural decomposition in the environment, causing serious pollution problems affecting soil, water, air and human life. Stressing the need for treatment methods to combat pollution including segregation of processed waste water, sedimentation, neutralisation and biological treatment, about half the tanneries apply some kind of solid waste reuse, while 90 per cent of the finished trimming wastes are used by the local shoemakers in and around the Dhaka City. Chemical analysis suggests that tannery wastes are characterised by strong colour, high biochemical oxygen demand, high pH and high dissolved salts. Disposal of these wastes into water course or onto land, with or without prior sedimentation, creates a great problem in the environment in the vicinity. So, it has become essential to treat the waste to a certain degree prior to its disposal. 6. 2Road Network and Drainage System of Hazaribagh Tannery At present, the existing sewage outfalls, the sewage lift operations consisting of 16 pumps and local residential drains are not adequate to properly and efficiently remove all the waste products generated by the factories and population of the affected area. This is partly a maintenance problem but an nvironmental problem was created by the discharging of wastewater with excessively high solids content and a dangerous level of chromium among other heavy metals and toxic materials. The waste water is discharged into open drains and ultimately finds way onto land surface and into natural waters in the vicinity. The roads are more or less always covered with smoke and dusts. The smoke bas ically evolved from the burning materials of the tanneries and it creates serious havoc there Untreated effluents flow unabated through the drains at Hazaribagh tannery zone leaving the workers exposed to health hazards. The toxic elements also pollute the Buriganga River A clean technology can overcome environmental pollution caused by the tanneries. Physical, chemical and biological cleaning methods for waste water are used in this sector. Physical treatments include mainly screening and primary sedimentation, the only treatment which is provided in most of the tanneries in Bangladesh. Screens are required to remove flashing, hairs and other floating substances. A continuous flow sedimentation tank designed on maximum hourly flow with four hours of detention is found to be effective in 90 per cent removal of suspended solids. However, in most of the tanneries, the fill and draw sedimentation tanks are used and found to be more efficient. But the effluent may be discharged into the sewer chock age. 6. 3Locations of Industries The water in the low lying areas near Hazaribagh, with a direct link to the Buriganga River, is polluted in such a degree that it has become unsuitable for public uses. In summer when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in the whole of Hazaribagh area, including a part of not too far high-class residential area, by producing intolerable obnoxious odors. . 4 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Origination) environment programme An Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study has carried out by and a Dhaka-based consulting firm selected by UNIDO that has submitted a report. A five-member committee formed by the Ministry of Industries has identified a 7. 5 acre plot of land in a suitable location at Hazaribagh for the construction of the central effluent treatment plant (CETP). A Dutch consultancy firm has been engaged to prepare the engineering requirements to treat the effluent and a landfill for safe disposal of tannery sludge. . Findings and Analysis Wastes generated from the leather processing industries located in the southwestern part of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, pose serious threat to the environment. Ground water as well as the ecosystem of the area is on the verge of huge pollution making its way to be recognized sooner or later as one of the most polluted City in south Asia due to industrial activities. Untreated sewage water is released into the Buriganga. According to the Environment Department, along with the sewage from Dhaka, up to 40,000 tons of untreated tannery waste is released directly into the river every day. The unregulated operation of such large number of tanneries within a residential area has been identified by many sources as serious threat to the surrounding environment and public health. A study titled Leather Industry: Environmental Pollution and Mitigation Measures conducted by a research organization named Society for Environment and Human Development describes the physical look and smell of the area as frightening, intolerable and horrendous. According to the said study the Hazaribagh area accumulates large quantity of solid and liquid wastes in the low land on the west side that is ultimately pumped out on the other side of the Dhaka Protection Embankment, i. e. , to the river Buriganga. Such unregulated dumping has caused immense harm to the water quality of the river Buriganga and its aquatic resources that call for immediate remedial measures. Rice and wheat were grown in a pot experiment in soils from the tannery area. The wheat showed delayed maturity and stunting growth while rice showed late flowering and maturity with dark green colour. In another experiment it was observed that application of tannery effluents to soils of differing textures resulted in reduction of yield of rice, the research said adding that the adverse effect was more pronounced in light soils than in heavy soils. The effluent was also found to negatively affect performance, nodulation and growth of mung beans (dal). 7. 1 Socio economic condition of surroundings area The water in the low-lying areas near Hazaribagh, with a direct link to the Buriganga River, is polluted in such a degree that it has become unsuitable for public uses. In summer when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in the whole of Hazaribagh area, including a part of not too far high-class residential area, by producing intolerable obnoxious odors. The pollutants of tannery wastes are of inorganic, organic and toxic nature and require elaborate treatment before disposal to prevent physical, chemical and biological pollution of the receiving body of water. The tannery waste with high concentration of dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, color, ammonia and very high BOD and COD with no dissolved oxygen is being discharged every day in the receiving water. Extent of this problem shows how horrible situation the corporate bodies of our country can cause. The recent obligation set by the government to move these tanneries to other places in two years time shows how accommodative and least proactive the businesses are in Bangladesh. 7. 2Physical condition of surrounding areas The Hazaribagh tannery complex and other industries, primarily the glue and paint industries located in the same general area, have affected water and air quality in a large poorly drained area locked behind a 9 meters high flood control embankment constructed in 1989-1990 in south-west Dhaka City. Up until the time of embankment construction, the contaminants were washed to the Buriganga River by annual flooding. At present, the existing sewage outfalls, the sewage lift operations consisting of 16 pumps and local residential drains are not adequate to properly and efficiently remove all he waste products generated by the factories and population of the affected area. This is partly a maintenance problem but an environmental problem was created by the discharging of wastewater with excessively high solids content and a dangerous level of chromium among other heavy metals and toxic materials. 7. 3Biodiversity and Pollution There are more than 200 small, medium and large tanneries, the majority of whom produce leather on a regular basis and process more than 180 million sq ft or 74,000 tons of raw hide and skin annually. The peak production level is 400 tons a day which takes place during the Eid-Ul-Azha period. The industry subsequently creates about 106 tons of solid waste, and 13,500 cubic meters of tannery effluent daily, which is discharged into a major river causing irreparable damage to the environment. During peak production levels, the discharge effluent increases to 21,600 cubic meters and the emission of solid waste is about 170 tons per day. The pollution emanating from the tanneries is directly affecting surface water, ground water, the soil and air of the Hazaribagh area. The wastewater discharge from the tanneries is polluting the Buriganga river water and making the water completely unsuitable for any use. Furthermore, the adjoining residential areas are also badly affected by the emission of a bad odour from Hazaribagh. During the dry season, the water quality of the Buriganga and the Turag river deteriorates tremendously due to the low dilution factor. The extent of environmental pollution by the leather industry has been publicised in the countrys media as well as in many foreign media. Many foreign organisations have shown an interest in extending financial and technical assistance by carrying out surveys. Chemical analysis suggests that tannery wastes are characterized by strong color, high BOD, high pH and high dissolved salts. Disposal of these wastes into water course with or without prior sedimentation, creates a great problem in the environment, especially in the river Buriganga. Wastes are not usually treated to a certain degree before it goes to the river. 8. Tannery relocation and Settlement of Hazaribagh Tannery and Redevelopment of Hazaribagh Tannery Area Relocation of the tannery zone from the citys Hazaribagh area to the leather estate at Savar remains caught up in the complex procedures of setting up the central effluent treatment plant (CETP) while the pollution continues to play havoc on environment. Another major obstacle to the relocation project is most of the land and property at Hazaribagh is mortgaged against bank loans. Until the banks release the mortgaged property it would be impossible to shift from there. But still the project sees no headway as various issues remain unresolved. The issue of relocation of the tannery units from the residential areas of Hazaribagh has also been discussed several times at the decision making level of the Government with no concrete result as yet. Losing its beauty and glory, Buriganga is now almost a dead river. There is no high wave anymore. For miles, it contains poisonous and stinky water obstructing the livelihood of the people living and working on its banks. Using its polluted water, the slum dwellers and low-income group people are getting affected by various waterborne diseases. The tannery industry in Bangladesh is expanding, despite the social problem created due to environmental pollution. The quality of liquid waste discharged from these tanneries varies from 10 to 15 gallons per square feet of hides and skins processed. This comprising waste water, organic particular and toxic chemicals is discharged in open drains and ultimately finds its way onto land surfaces and in natural waters in the vicinity. As a result, water, air, soil, shelter and food are getting continuously polluted. There are many hazards associated with the chemicals used in the tanning processes. But the hazards can come out in two ways. One is directly by external exposure or inhalation of the chemicals used and retained, or through the waters of canals and rivers after mixing with the released effluents. Substantial work has been done to study this. But the other way, which is probably not yet studied, is the entering of harmful chemicals into the food chain through the use of solid wastes as feed staff. This is a recent phenomenon happening at large extent for the last several years. The pollutants of tannery wastes are of organic, organic and toxic nature and require elaborate treatment before disposal to prevent physical, chemical and biological pollution of the receiving body of water. The tannery waste with high concentration of dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, colour, ammonia etc. is being discharged every day in the receiving water. pic] Hazaribagh Leather Industry and Slums in Dhaka A clean technology can overcome environmental pollution caused by the tanneries. Physical, chemical and biological cleaning methods for waste water are used in this sector. Physical treatments include mainly screening and primary sedimentation, the only treatment which is provided in most of the tanneries in Bangladesh. Screens a re required to remove flashing, hairs and other floating substances. A continuous flow sedimentation tank designed on maximum hourly flow with four hours of detention is found to be effective in 90 per cent removal of suspended solids. However, in most of the tanneries, the fill and draw sedimentation tanks are used and found to be more efficient. No appreciable reduction of dislodged solid, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, colour and chloride can be achieved in the physical treatment process. But the effluent may be discharged into the sewer chockage. The key targets which are identified for reducing environmental impact of leather processing are replacement of chromium, more efficient use of chemicals, sulphide-free unhairing, possibly with hair recovery, utilisation of wastes, reuse of water, odour control, solvent free finishing and N-free delimiting. Todays tanners, experts say, are not only hard-pressed by the high costs of compliance with increasingly restrictive environmental legislation, but are also faced with a confusion of competing claims for alternative clean technologies. A practical database is required that would enable the tanner simply and rapidly to shortlist the most appropriate technologies for his specific needs, with the aim of minimising the costs. It would be essential for the tanner to be able to identify existing users of the technology and independent leather experts, as well as the manufacturers or inventors, whom the tanner could then separately consult. The database should give an indication of the level of development of each technology and its extent of use, since systems inevitably range from those just at research and development (RD) stage to well-established technologies in widespread use. This study also recommends building of appropriate waste treatment plants for neutralizing harmful chemicals before disposal of the waste into the environment and called upon the government to fix a legal limit value for discharge of tannery effluent to surface water. Hazaribagh tannery industries are situated in the midst of a densely populated residential area surrounded by slums, and the area is one of the worst polluted areas in Bangladesh. Its total land area is 25 hectares and this zone is categorized as Red zone according to the Department of Environment, where the morbidity rate is highest in the world. The effluents contain dissolved arsenic, sodium sulfate, lime, acids, salts, dyes, oils, suspended solids, organic matters and heavy metals like chromium, lead, etc and a study showed that very high accumulation of chromium (15,000 mg/kg of sediment) at the topsoil upto a depth of 3m in Hazaribagh area and very high concentration of chromium of about 4000 mg/L has been detected in tannery wastewater. To protect the urban environment of Dhaka City and by recent directives from High Court, Bangladesh Government has decided to shift the tannery industries from Hazaribagh area to Savar. The works for shifting the industries have already started. The dismantling area will be a real Brownfield, which would need proper investigation of the extent of pollution and to formulate guidelines for the remediation of the contaminated lands with respect to country’s socio-economic context for sustainable urban development in this area. In future, the area will be used for residential, commercial and recreational purposes. The presence of potentially contaminated sites in urban areas may cause potential threat to human beings, causing both surface and groundwater ollution by toxic, inorganic and organic substances. The aim of this research project is to reclaim urban polluted sites in Dhaka City by means of demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility of innovative soil remediation technologies. The action will be focused on the demonstration, by means of pilot experiences, of the technological and economic feasibility of innovative soil remediation technologie s for the reclamation of polluted soils in Hazaribagh Tannery area and Tejgaon Industrial area in Dhaka city. The remediation of soils in urban polluted sites will promote land-use management, the integration of new socio-economic activities in these urban areas, reduce the human exposure to toxic pollutants, promote a sustainable urban planning of these zones and contributing at the same time to quality of life through a more sustainable development of the capital of Bangladesh. 9. Recommendations and Conclusion Dhaka has been growing haphazardly due to lack of appropriate planning. The study area is very important and sensitive part of the Dhaka city which is associated with very hazardous with environment as well as community. The study of this project recommends the following: Redevelopment of the land of Tanneries with appropriate planning principles and development with adjoining areas. With the help of the appropriate authority and some developers the total land area may be redeveloped so that it can be habitable. Max uses of the site can be as green space for eco friendly environment. In Dhaka most are the places are not echo friendly and are quite densely populated so the proposed area may be made more eco friendly. Improvement of accessibility of these areas by providing a sustainable living environment. At present the accessibility in the Hazaribagh area is quite difficult this need to be improved a lot for better living. Revitalize the living standard improvement of social awareness of the local people of that area. The social awareness of the local people is also very important for better living it is most important to develop the social awareness of the people. Conserving some old buildings for important functional purpose. This can be done by transform it an attractive urban community space of urban civic life which could act as a hub to link the old the new parts of Dhaka. The countrys 220 tanneries, mostly located in Dhaka, are releasing a large quantity of toxic waste at the time of processing of leather, causing a severe environmental pollution. The pollution is seriously affecting the livelihood of some 0. 1 million people in and around the Hazaribagh area of the capital city. Some 194 of the tanneries are now housed in the citys Hazaribagh area, which is on the brink of an environmental disaster. There is no denying that most of the urban-based industries in Bangladesh pollute environment. Of them, tanneries do the extreme damage. Most of the tanneries are located in urban areas and their relocation outside the metropolitan city has not been done. It is essentially a by-product industry utilising hides and skin from animals raised primarily for their meat. In Bangladesh, the tannery solid wastes are converted to protein-concentrate to be used as poultry feed, fish feed, and in production of organic fertilizers. Over the last several years it is a common phenomenon in the largest tanning area of the country, the Hazaribagh tannery area at the south-east part of Dhaka city. One of the major concerns of these activities is the heavy metals, especially chromium, used in the tanning processes. Tanneries in the citys Hazaribagh area discharge some 21,600 square meters of liquid wastes everyday. These harmful wastes, including chromium, lead, sulphur, ammonium, salt and other materials, are severely polluting the capital city and the river Buriganga. No body knows how much harm and potential carcinogen diseases will occur to the slum inhabitants. There is no warning from the Government or aid giving agencies or their representatives. This is the vicious circle that the poorest groups are the worst victims of the foreign currency earning schemes. As per the directives by the High Court to the government on relocation of the tanneries from Hazaribagh area to Savar in eighteen months time. We were nothing short of happy when the Prime Minister had announced quite a while ago her governments decision to relocate the tannery plants from a densely populated area to a more suitable exclusive zone. But sadly it has so far remained a declaration of intent only and a mere announcement. The agencies concerned have made little headway in relocating the tannery industry. As the tannery industries in Bangladesh are well established, they cannot be shifted without enormous losses. However, efforts are in progress to shift the Hazaribagh tanneries to a suitable place in Savar, yet, at every stage of leather processing, clean technology must be applied. When new industries are set up, clean technology will have to be followed for protecting the environment. The present situation suggested that the relocation of Hazaribagh tanneries may take several more years to be completed since the authorities are facing various complications regarding land acquisition, setting up an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP), and due to reluctant tannery owners. With the prolonged delay in implementing the Tk 1. 5 billion Dhaka Tannery Estate Project (DTEP), the Buriganga River and millions of residents in the western part of the capital are set to face renewed onslaught of toxic emissions in the coming years. But due to sluggishness, non-awareness and ignorance by the countrys policy makers about tannery pollution, especially the ministry of environment and forest, environmental pollut ion by the tanning industry has continued since 1972. The environmental condition in the Hazaribagh tannery area is deteriorating but the government did not give the area the urgent environmental protection it needs. Considering the state of the environment presently prevailing, and the unbearable pressure and rapid urbanization, environmental education in Bangladesh is a crying need of the hour. Social and ecological changes today take place rapidly and affect more and more people. Environmental education can help a person in understanding these changes and provide necessary skills for adjusting them. In the above light, it is evident that the promotion and enhancement of environmental education throughout Dhaka City can help people become aware of the preservation of environment. 10. References 1. M. Azizul Islam Kazi and M. Shahidul Islam, 2006, Heavy Metal Concentration in Tannery Solid Wastes Used as Poultry Feed and The Ecotoxicological Consequences; Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka and Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. 2. Mamun, Muntasir, 2003, Dhaka Samagra, Anannya, Dhaka. 3. Spreiregen, Paul, D. , The architecture of towns and cities, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London. 4. Mamun, Muntasir, 2004, Dhaka, 4th edition, Anannya, Dhaka. 5. DMDP, 1995, Structure Plan, Master plan and detailed area plan for Dhaka city, (volume-1), Dhaka. . DMDP, 1995, Structure Plan, Master plan and detailed area plan for Dhaka city, (volume-2), Dhaka. 7. Haque, Dr. , Sirajul and Sultana, Dr. , Sakila, 2002, Atlas of Urban Geography, Dhaka. 8. Chowdhury, Islam, Qamrul 1999, State of Environment Report 1998, Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh (FEJB). 9. Sarker, N. , C. and Khan, A. , U. , 2005, Health care facili ties of tannery workers in Hazaribagh Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10. Ahmed, Rukanudin, 2005, Existing Environmental Status of Hazaribagh, Dhaka, Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Narsingdi. 11. cas. net, Dec. 19, 2008. 12. atimes. com, Nov. 02, 2008. 13. elaw. org, Dec. 18, 2008. 14. independent-bangladesh. com, Dec. 18, 2008. 15. who. int, Nov. 24, 2008. 16. worldbank. org, Jan. 07, 2009. 17. flonnet. com, Nov. 16, 2008. 18. The Daily Star, Published on: Nov. 30, 2008. | | | | | 22 momenunnessa student id: 1008012018 course title: urban design practices

history outlook

history outlook Victoria Tuttle10/30/14"Pleasures of Factory Life"In Sarah Bagley's, "Pleasures of Factory Life", she introduces the little space in which working women have to live and enjoy life. Yet, such little space she describes allows them to appreciate, focus and learn more than some people living outside of the factory. Women are the dominating gender working in the factory, but work with elderly women and men, as well as young orphans to prepare them for work they will eventually have to partake in. Most of the daily routine consists of working with the machinery, but this gives them time to communicate and broaden their understanding of life, and one another. The vast plant life around the building gives them the ability to enjoy the smells and reflect on the small blessings in life. Although the deposition in this environment is the inability to ever relax, sometimes think straight, and the "under moral" obligations held by the workers overseers, the peacefulness and privileges that are associated with lectures, religion, and common talk between women seem to be what makes the factory somewhat pleasurable."Loom and Spindle"In Harriet Robinson's, "Loom and Spindle; or Life Among the early Mill Girls", she reflects on a wage cut that sparked a largely supported strike that women partook in. At the time, 1898, factories had already been steadily populated and working for a while, allowing the initial well-paying wage to be cut. The cotton-factory was made up of all women workers, and they worked within separate rooms making up many levels of this factory. After the speech given by one of the girls, it fueled the women to continue on with defending through strike their right to keep the current wage. They sang a song comparing themselves to slaves, due to the hard...

Problems In Financing Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems In Financing Education - Assignment Example A preliminary analysis of the breakup of 2000 students based on past records show that the bulk of the students need make-up coaching in Math- there are two sections with a seating of 1400 students, comprising 70 percent of the total 2000 students. As compared to this, there is just one section each for Reading English and Writing English respectively and that in turn comprises 10 and 20 percent of student total. At the moment the teachers are not paid any additional amount for these classes. Meanwhile, you have just been informed that there has been a 10 percent cut in funding and must find ways to deal with this new reality.My first strategy would be to increase revenues for these classes by charging additional amounts for the use of school facilities like the basketball court, swimming pool, the computer lab and the science laboratory. This would form a broad base for earning additional amounts and moreover could be implemented for the long term without many negative effects. Usin g facilities such as the pool, the science lab, and the basketball court could be made optional but the use of the computer lab would be fundamental for all disciplines. A letter written to all parents stating the inevitability of these measures would have to be prepared, stating the additional amounts to be charged and expected date of implementation. It would also be mentioned that a lot of private schools have adopted this policy in the past, out of sheer necessity and in order to keep up with the rising costs of education. Strategy 2 My second strategy would be to hire part-time faculty comprising of retired English and Math teachers and professors from the local community to take these classes, aided by the adjunct staff for administration etc. This group of retired teachers and professors represents a readily available resource pool that is often unused by our communities. The compensation offered would be minimal and many would be grateful for an opportunity to make a contribution to the institution even after their retirement. This would also have a favorable impact on the school, principal and the teachers involved. Strategy 3 I would also try to raise revenues by asking philanthropists like Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Mark Zuckerberg to support the cost of teaching a class for the entire duration of a particular make-up session. This would include the salaries of teachers as well as other incidental and administrative costs. Since there are five classes in total, this could be achieved comfortably. The name of the contributor would be emblazoned on the door of each class and a photograph of the door as well as the class in full session sent to each contributor as a sign of the good work they have done by sponsoring this course (Sorenson & Goldsmith, 2006). It would similarly be good for the principal, teachers, and students involved in the project. Strategy 4 Often the students lose interest because the regular teachers are in a hurry and do not have time to give individual attention and guidance to a backward

College Admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

College Admission - Essay Example I want to join Purdue University to get a formal education in computer engineering and later on get a job in the industry. In today’s competitive job marketplace people seeking work must have at least a Bachelor’s degree to have a legitimate shot at getting a job. The unemployment rate in the United States is currently above 9%. I want to take advantage of the amazing education Purdue University provides its alumni to help change the world through innovation similarly to the way the late Steve Jobs was able to leave his mark on society. I want to invent or bring something into this world that serves a great and noble purpose. My personal and professional goals can only be attained if I am able to complete a Bachelor’s degree in computer engineering. My first goal upon graduation is to land my first job as IT professional. Educational credentials from University of Purdue will enable me to be considered for a job position with better chances than people that graduate from other universities or community colleges due to the reputation of Purdue University as one of the most prestigious higher educational establishments in the world. A second goal of mine, once I reach the job marketplace, is to save money for a few years in order to accumulate sufficient initial capital to start my own computer business. In future I want to become a successful entrepreneur. Once I join Purdue University I plan on taking advantage of every opportunity I get to expand my networking capabilities. There are thousands of students at Purdue that have similar aspirations. It is possible that my long term goal of starting a computer business can be accelerated if I am able to find suitable business partners for the venture. Having a team that has plenty of human capital can give my computer business a competitive advantage. Besides, Im sure Ill become a valuable addition to students community too in many

Native Americans in the United States and Pocahontas Life Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States and Pocahontas Life Essay This book was the bases and the most informative piece I have seen on a review of Pocahontas life in my perspective. Pocahontas life is a difficult piece of history to analysis for the fact that her life is only denoted by other persons of history writings. She has no known piece of writing of her own so all knowledge is personal based of outside parties. This makes it for sometimes difficult to truly believe everything for many of the views were from white men during a time period where they had not seen many females weren’t around. I believe the author thesis of the book for the Pocahontas part was her involvement with the English and her growth throughout her life. The other thesis of the book from the Powhatan side was there involvement with the English as well and there plan to use the culture but at the same time push them away. Within the first five chapter of Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma it gives you a base review of history. This first part of the book it explains the culture of the Powhatan and how they are laid out. At this point in the book within the first chapter we find out that Pocahontas is only 9 years of age and her mother is nowhere to be found, but her father is Powhatan the chief of many native people and villages. It talks about the arrival of English in 1603 and we learn that many ships have come before us truly being to talk about John Smith and Jamestown. It also mention the arrival of Don Luis and the Spanish, but doesn’t get into much detail he just seems to pop up with the first few chapters her and there. We learn that Pocahontas name means â€Å"mischief† or the â€Å"little playful one. † The author tells us that the native were not completely different from the Europeans just simply behind the times. We also learn that within the native culture of the Powhatan that there chiefs do not come from the next up son, but from marriage of the daughters. We also learn that the Europeans felt that the women of the tribes need to be saved due to their work in the fields and other jobs around the village. It speaks of the native’s religion of their belief in spirits within everything. John Smith comes into play in 1606 when the English begin to prepare for the Virginia campaign. What I learn from John Smith was that he was a captain that has been captured a lot and has numerous stories of being saved by women that fall lustful in love with. As kids watching films and stories we are told of Pocahontas is her and John Smith fall in love, but at the time of them meeting Pocahontas would’ve been ten years of age. The plans of the English and John Smith was to: improve native culture, use the land properly, get there before the Spanish, and bring English enlighten, and a place to send the unemployed English. One of the main fears that I read about in the reading was the fear of the English to become like the Indians. The term we learned in class for this is recolonization. After the landing John Smith gets taken by the Powhatan and convince them not to kill him by way of trade. He promises them weapons which out of smarts gives them a cannon which cannot be moved. Both the native and the English realize the need of each. Without one another the English could not survive without food and the natives want weapons or easier put there technology. Over time many English were sent to live with natives to learn their culture and a native would be sent with the English. The most notable was Pocahontas herself was sent with the English to learn their language and lifestyle. The book talks of Pocahontas marriage first to a native warrior, but it fails to mention what happens to him. She later marries John Rolfe an English man who experience much of the reverse colonization. Before her marriage though Pocahontas was kidnapped one of the main characters they looked over her kidnapping was Sir Thomas Dale who was the first Marshall of Virginia. Pocahontas would declare herself a Christian in 1616 and then start her life with John. They would build a log on the land John was granted from the Virginia Company. They would have two children together in their lifetime. Shortly after being settled in there Pocahontas would go to London and experience true English culture. Pocahontas would become very ill around the time the Rolfe family was ready to head back to Virginia. Pocahontas died on March 21, 1617 in the Rolfe inn. What I learned from this book that for someone of her time period and of native culture Pocahontas got to see much more than any Native American of her time period for sure. I learned that much of what we were taught or told of her in are childhood was wrong. I learned that john smith stories could not be trusted. The feeling I receive as well is Pocahontas rejected her culture and tribe, but in return was probably rejected in a way due to her mother situation. Though she might have be royal in a way just from some of the information I read. The book was good though and I enjoyed the insist of Pocahontas life.

Beneath the Smooth Skin of America Essay -- Scott R. Sanders Literatur

Beneath the Smooth Skin of America Change is something you are probably familiar with. In â€Å"Beneath the Smooth Skin of America,† Scott R. Sanders talks about many changes in his life. The author starts the story looking throw the eyes of himself as a child. As a child he remembers that all that was in his sight was all he could see. The author’s best example of this is he says, †Neighbors often appeared†¦where they came from I could not imagine† (27). As the author begins to see more by leaving the area he was around so often he starts to see more and more things. He started moving around to different places and started seeing the things that he had not see before. The author points out many things that he began to see like the stores around the town and the different colors of places. The smell of the certain area over the one smell he was used to. In his travels to the south he noticed the bathrooms signs in the south read, â€Å"Colored† and â€Å"White.† All these d ifferent changes made his world seen bigger and bigger. As the author got out more the more world started to irritate him. The author’s relatives, who lived in the southern states, helped the author to think of himself as, â€Å"A Northerner†(p.28). After leaving for college in Rhode Island he explains that in his college days he thought of himself as a â€Å"Midwesterner.† The other students of his college, using the stereotype, made fun of him and the way he acted. â€Å"I was square, my new friends assured me† (p.28). This ...

Conformity in Psychology Essay

Introduction Imagine yourself in the following situation: You sign up for a psychology experiment, and on a specified date you and seven others whom you think are also subjects arrive and are seated at a table in a small room. You don’t know it at the time, but the others are actually associates of the experimenter, and their behaviour has been carefully scripted. You’re the only real subject. The experimenter arrives and tells you that the study in which you are about to participate concerns people’s visual judgments. She places two cards before you. The card on the left contains one vertical line. The card on the right displays three lines of varying length. The experimenter asks all of you, one at a time, to choose which of the three lines on the right card matches the length of the line on the left card. The  task is repeated several times with different cards. On some occasions the other â€Å"subjects† unanimously choose the wrong line. It is clear to you that they are wrong, but they have all given the same answer. What would you do? Would you go along with the majority opinion, or would you â€Å"stick to your guns† and trust your own eyes? This is the situation in conformity. People tend to conform in situations such as that stated above either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational) or simply to conform to a social role (identification). This study is going to be focused on human beings, their tendency to conform and the reasons why they conform. Conformity in psychology Conformityis the act of matching attitudes, beliefs and behaviour to group norms. It is the type of social influence involving a change in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a group. . Norms are implicit rules shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others and among society or social group. People tend to conform when in small groups and/or society as a whole. It is as a result of subtle unconscious influences or direct and overt social pressure. People could even conform when they are alone i.e. eating or watching television. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the presence of social norms and/or expectations) group pressure. According to Crutchfield (1955), conformity can be defined as â€Å"yielding to group pressures† which could take the form of bullying, criticism, persuasion, teasing etc. Conformity is also known as majority influence (or group pressure). It is often brought up by a desire to ‘fit in’ or to ‘be liked’ (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational), or simply to conform to social role (identification). Though peer pressure could manifest negatively, conformity can have a bad or good effect depending on the situation. Driving on the correct side of the road could be seen as a beneficial conformity. Conformity influences  formation and maintenance of social norms, and helps societies function smoothly and predictably via the self-elimination of behaviours seen as contrary to written rules. In this sense, it can be perceived as (though not proven to be) a positive force that prevents acts that are perceptually disruptive or dangerous. The term conformity is often used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational), or simply to conform to a social role (identification). There have been many experiments in psychology investigating conformity and group pressure. What affects Conformity? Culture Berry studied two different populations: the Temne (collectivists) and the Inuit (individualists) and found that the Temne conformed more than the Inuit when exposed to a conformity task. Bond and Smith compared, (1996) 134 studies in a meta-analysis and found that Japan and Brazil were two nations that conformed a lot whereas Europe and the United States of America did not as much. Gender Societal norms often establish gender differences.There are differences in the way men and women conform to social influence. Social psychologists, Alice Eagly and Linda Carli performed a meta-analysis of 148 studies of influenceability. They found that women are more persuadable and more conforming than men in group pressure situations that involve surveillance. In situations not involving surveillance, women are less likely to conform. Eagly has proposed that this sex difference may be due to different sex roles in society. Women are generally taught to be more agreeable whereas men are taught to be more independent. The composition of the group plays a role in conformity as well. In a study by Reitan and Shaw, it was found that men and women conformed more when there were participants of both sexes involved versus participants of the same sex. Subjects in the groups with both sexes were more apprehensive when there was a discrepancy amongst group  members, and thus the subjects reported that they doubted their own judgments. Sistrunk and McDavid made the hypothesis that women conformed more because of a methodological bias. They argued that because stereotypes used in studies are generally male ones (sports, cars†¦) more than female ones (cooking, fashion†¦), women are feeling uncertain and conformed more, which was confirmed by their results. Size of the group Milgram and his colleagues found that if one individual stops and stares at the sky, only 4% of the people would stop as well and 40% would look at the sky, whereas if fifteen confederates do it, those numbers become respectively 40% and 90%. Psychologist view on Conformity Jenness (1932) was the first psychologist to study conformity. His experiment was an ambiguous situation involving a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked participants individually to estimate how many beans the bottle contained. Jenness then put the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate through discussion. Participants were then asked to estimate the number on their own again to find whether their initial estimates had altered based on the influence of the majority. Jenness then interviewed the participants individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the group’s estimate. Almost all changed their individual guesses to be closer to the group estimate. Another experiment performed on conformity was the Sherif Autokinetic Effect Experiment. Sherif (1935) Autokinetic Effect Experiment Aim: Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation. Method: Sherif used a lab experiment to study conformity. He used the autokinetic effect – this is where a small spot of light (projected onto a screen) in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still (i.e. it is a visual illusion). It was discovered that when participants were individually tested their estimates on how far the light moved varied considerably (e.g. from 20cm to 80cm). The participants were then tested in groups of three. Sherif manipulated the composition of the group by putting together two people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar, and one person whose estimate was very different. Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved. Results: Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate. As the figure below shows: the person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other two in the group conformed to the view of the other two. Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform. Rather than make individual judgments they tend to come to a group agreement. Conclusion: The results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the autokinetic effect), a person will look to others (who know more / better) for guidance (i.e. adopt the group norm). They want to do the right thing but may lack the appropriate information. Observing others can provide this information. This is known as informational conformity. Types of Conformity Man (1969) states that â€Å"the essence of conformity is yielding to group pressure†. He identified three types of conformity: Normative, informational and ingratiational. Harvard psychologist HerbertKelman (1958) distinguished between three different types of conformity: Compliance, Internalization and identification. ï‚ §Compliance is public conformity, while possibly keeping one’s own original beliefs for yourself . Compliance is motivated by the need for approval and the fear of being rejected ï‚ §Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity or a favourite uncle. This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source,[11] and this is a deeper type of conformism than compliance. Internalization is accepting the belief or behaviour and conforming both publicly and privately, if the source is credible. It is the deepest influence on people and it will affect them for a long time. Although Kelman’s distinction has been influential, research in social psychology has  focused primarily on two varieties of conformity. These are informational conformity, or informational social influence, and normative conformity, also called normative social influence. In Kelman’s terminology, these correspond to internalization and compliance, respectively. There are naturally more than two or three variables in society influential on human psychology and conformity; the notion of â€Å"varieties† of conformity based upon â€Å"social influence† is ambiguous and indefinable in this context. For Deutsch and Gà ©rard (1955), conformity results from a motivational conflict (between the fear of being socially rejected and the wish to say what we think is correct) that leads to the normative influence, and a cognitive conflict (others create doubts in what we think) which leads to the informational influence. Informational influence Informational social influence occurs when one turns to the members of one’s group to obtain and accept accurate information about reality. A person is most likely to use informational social influence in certain situations: when a situation is ambiguous, people become uncertain about what to do and they are more likely to depend on others for the answer; and during a crisis when immediate action is necessary, in spite of panic. Looking to other people can help ease fears, but unfortunately they are not always right. The more knowledgeable a person is, the more valuable they are as a resource. Thus people often turn to experts for help. But once again people must be careful, as experts can make mistakes too. Informational social influence often results in internalization or private acceptance, where a person genuinely believes that the information is right. Informational influence seems to be what happened during Sherif’s study. Normative influence Normative social influence occurs when one conforms to be liked or accepted by the members of the group. This need of social approval and acceptance is part of our state of humans. In addition to this, we know that when people do not conform with their group and therefore are deviants, they are less liked and even punished by the group. Normative influence usually results in public compliance, doing or saying something without believing in it. The experiment of Asch in 1951 is one example of normative influence In a reinterpretation of the original data from these experiments Hodges and  Geyer (2006) found that Asch’s subjects were not so conformist after all: The experiments provide powerful evidence for people’s tendency to tell the truth even when others do not. They also provide compelling evidence of people’s concern for others and their views. By closely examining the situation in which Asch’s subjects find themselves they find that the situation places multiple demands on participants: They include truth (i.e., expressing one’s own view accurately), trust (i.e., taking seriously the value of others’ claims), and social solidarity (i.e., a commitment to integrate the views of self and others without deprecating either). In addition to these epistemic values, there are multiple moral claims as well: These include the need for participants to care for the integrity and well-being of other participants, the experimenter, themselves, and the worth of scientific research. Deutsch & Gà ©rard (1955) designed different situations that variated from Asch’ experiment and found that when participants were writing their answer privately, they were giving the correct one Normative influence, a function of social imp act theory, has three components. The number of people in the group has a surprising effect. As the number increases, each person has less of an impact. A group’s strength is how important the group is to a person. Groups we value generally have more social influence. Immediacy is how close the group is in time and space when the influence is taking place. Psychologists have constructed a mathematical model using these three factors and are able to predict the amount of conformity that occurs with some degree of accuracy. Baron and his colleagues conducted a second eyewitness study that focused on normative influence. In this version, the task was easier. Each participant had five seconds to look at a slide instead of just one second. Once again, there were both high and low motives to be accurate, but the results were the reverse of the first study. The low motivation group conformed 33% of the time (similar to Asch’s findings). The high motivation group conformed less at 16%. These results show that when accuracy is not very important, it is better to get the wrong answer than to risk social disapproval. An experiment using procedures similar to Asch’s found that there was significantly less conformity in six-person groups of friends as compared to six-person groups of strangers. Because friends already know and accept each other, there may be less normative pressure to conform in some situations.  Field studies on cigarette and alcohol abuse, however, generally demonstrate evidence of friends exerting normative social influence on each other. Minority influence Although conformity generally leads individuals to think and act more like groups, individuals are occasionally able to reverse this tendency and change the people around them. This is known as minority influence, a special case of informational influence. Minority influence is most likely when people can make a clear and consistent case for their point of view. If the minority fluctuates and shows uncertainty, the chance of influence is small. However, a minority that makes a strong, convincing case increases the probability of changing the majority’s beliefs and behaviours. Minority members who are perceived as experts, are high in status, or have benefited the group in the past are also more likely to succeed. Another form of minority influence can sometimes override conformity effects and lead to unhealthy group dynamics. A 2007 review of two dozen studies by the University of Washington found that a single â€Å"bad apple† (an inconsiderate or negligent group member) can substantially increase conflicts and reduce performance in work groups. Bad apples often create a negative emotional climate that interferes with healthy group functioning. They can be avoided by careful selection procedures and managed by reassigning them to positions that require less social interaction. All these are illustrated in the table below: Normative ConformityInformational Conformity †¢Yielding to group pressure because a person wants to fit in with the group. E.g. Asch Line Study. †¢Conforming because the person is scared of being rejected by the group. †¢This type of conformity usually involves compliance – where a person publicly accepts the views of a group but privately rejects them.†¢This usually occurs when a person lacks knowledge and looks to the group for guidance. †¢Or when a person is in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation and socially compares their behavior with the group. E.g. Sherif Study. †¢This type of conformity usually involves internalization – where a person accepts the views of the groups and adopts them as an individual. ComplianceInternalization †¢Publicly changing behaviour to fit in with the group while privately disagreeing. †¢In other words, conforming to the majority (publicly), in spite of not really agreeing with them (privately). †¢This is seen in Asch’s line experiment. †¢Publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group and also agreeing with them privately. †¢This is seen in Sherif’s autokinetic experiment. Ingratiational ConformityIdentification †¢Where a person conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other people. †¢It is similar to normative influence but is motivated by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter the decision to conform.†¢Conforming to the expectations of a social role. †¢Similar to compliance, there does not have to be a change in private opinion. †¢A good example is Zimbardo’s Prison Study. Source: Mann, L (1969). Social Psychology. New York: Wiley. Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27(187) . However, perhaps the most famous conformity experiment was by Solomon Asch (1951) and his line judgment experiment. Solomon Asch’ Paradigm/Experiment The Asch experiment or paradigm It is closely related to the Stanford prison and Miligan experiment, in that it tries to show how perfectly normal human beings can be pressurized into unusual behaviour by authority figures, or by the consensus of opinions around them. The Asch paradigm was a series of laboratory studies published in the 1950s that demonstrated a surprising degree of conformity to a majority opinion. Solomon Asch attributed his research on group conformity based on an experiment he had as a child while growing up in Poland. It was Passover and he stayed up late to participate, his grandmother set out an extra glass of wine on the table and when he asked who the wine was for, his uncle answered him that it was for the prophet Elijah. Asch was â€Å"filled with the sense of suggestion and expectation† and believed that he even saw the level of the wine slightly decrease. At the beginning of the Second World War (WWII), Asch began studying the effects of propaganda and indoctrination at Brooklyn College. According to the Encarta dictionaries, propaganda means â€Å"misleading publicity: deceptive or distorted information that is systematically spread†. Indoctrination on the other hand is simply â€Å"to cause to believe something: to teach somebody a belief, doctrine or ideology thoroughly and systematically, especially with the goal of discouraging independent thought or the acceptance of other opinions† Social Pressure and Perception In 1951 social psychologist Solomon Asch devised this experiment to examine the extent to which pressure from other people could affect one’s perceptions. In total, about one third of the subjects who were placed in this situation went along with the clearly erroneous majority. Asch showed bars like those in the Figure to college students in groups of 8 to 10. He told them he was studying visual perception and that their task was to decide which of the bars on the right was the same length as the one on the left. As you can see, the task is simple, and the correct answer is obvious. Asch asked the students to give their answers aloud. He repeated the procedure with 18 sets of bars. Only one student in each group was a real subject. All the others were confederates who had been instructed to give two correct answers and then to some incorrect answers on the remaining ‘staged’ trials. Asch arranged for the real subject to be the next-to-the-last person in each group to announce his answer so that he would hear most of the confederates incorrect responses before giving his own. Would he go along with the crowd? Solomon Asch far right – real subject – third from right. To Asch’s surprise, 37 of the 50 subjects conformed themselves to the ‘obviously erroneous’ answers given by the other group members at least once, and 14 of them conformed on more than 6 of the ‘staged’ trials. When  faced with a unanimous wrong answer by the other group members, the mean subject conformed on 4 of the ‘staged’ trials. Asch was disturbed by these results: â€Å"The tendency to conformity in our society is so strong that reasonably intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white black. This is a matter of concern. It raises questions about our ways of education and about the values that guide our conduct.† Real subject leans forward to get a better view of the lines being displayed. This particular individual insisted that â€Å"he has to call them as he sees them† and disagreed with the consensus over each of ‘staged’ trials. Why did the subjects conform so readily? When they were interviewed after the experiment, most of them said that they did not really believe their conforming answers, but had gone along with the group for fear of being ridiculed or thought â€Å"peculiar.† A few of them said that they really did believe the group’s answers were correct. Asch conducted a revised version of his experiment to find out whether the subjects truly did not believe their incorrect answers. When they were permitted to write down their answers after hearing the answers of others, their level of conformity declined to about one third what it had been in the original experiment. Apparently, people conform for two main reasons: because they want to be liked by the group and because they believe the group is better informed than they are. Suppose you go to a fancy dinner party and notice to your dismay that there are four forks beside your plate. When the first course arrives, you are not sure which fork to use. If you are like most people, you look around and use the fork everyone else is using. You do this because you want to be accepted by the group and because you assume the others know more about table etiquette than you do. Conformity, group size, and cohesiveness Asch found that one of the situational factors that influence conformity is the size of the opposing majority. In a series of studies he varied the number of confederates who gave incorrect answers from 1 to 15. The subjects’ responses varied with the level of ‘majority opinion’ they were faced with. He found that the subjects conformed to a group of 3 or 4 as  readily as they did to a larger group. However, the subjects conformed much less if they had an â€Å"ally† In some of his experiments, Asch instructed one of the confederates to give correct answers. In the presence of this nonconformist, the real subjects conformed only one fourth as much as they did in the original experiment. There were several reasons: First, the real subject observed that the majority did not ridicule the dissenter for his answers. Second, the dissenter’s answers made the subject more certain that the majority was wrong. Third, the real subject now experienced social pressure from the dissenter as well as from the majority. Many of the real subjects later reported that they wanted to be like their nonconformist partner (the similarity principle again). Apparently, it is difficult to be a minority of one but not so difficult to be part of a minority of two. Some of the subjects indicated afterward that they assumed the rest of the people were correct and that their own perceptions were wrong. Others knew they were correct but didn’t want to be different from the rest of the group. Some even insisted they saw the line lengths as the majority claimed to see them. Asch concluded that it is difficult to maintain that you see something when no one else does. The group pressure implied by the expressed opinion of other people can lead to modification and distortions effectively making you see almost anything. Conclusion and Comparison Public conformity vs. social influence The Asch conformity experiments are often interpreted as evidence for the power of conformity and normative social influence. That is, the willingness to conform publicly in order to attain social reward and avoid social punishment. Others have argued that it is rational to use other people’s judgments as evidence. Along the lines of the latter perspective, the Asch conformity experiments are cited as evidence for the self-categorization theory account of social influence. From that perspective the Asch results are interpreted as an outcome of depersonalization processes whereby the participants expect to hold the same opinions as similar others. Social comparison theory The conformity demonstrated in Asch experiments is problematic for social  comparison theory, which predicts that social reality testing, or informational influence, will arise when physical reality testing yields uncertainty. The Asch conformity experiments demonstrated that uncertainty can arise as an outcome of social reality testing. Relatedly, this inconsistency has been used to support the position that the theoretical distinction between social reality testing and physical reality testing is untenable. REFERENCES 1.^ Hogg, M. A.; Vaughan, G. M. (2005). Social psychology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. 2.^ McLeod, S (November 2011). â€Å"Conformity†. Simply psychology. 3.^ Aronson, E; Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M. (2007). Social Psychology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-233487-7. 4.^ Hogg, M. A.; Vaughan, G. M. (2005). Social psychology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. 5.^ Baron, R. S.; Vandello, J. A. & Brunsman, B. (1996). â€Å"The forgotten variable in conformity research: Impact of task importance on social influence†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (5): 915–927. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.915. 6.^ Asch, S. E. (1955). â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†. Scientific American 193 (5): 31–35. 7.^ Guimond, S (2010). Psychologie Sociale : Perspective Multiculturelle. Warve:: Mardaga. pp. 19–28. 8.^ Asch, S. E. (1952). Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:: Prentice Hal. 9.^ Asch, S. E. (1955). â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure†. Scientific American 193 (5): 31–35. 10.^ Kelman, H. C (1958). â€Å"Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change†. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2(1): 51–60. 11.^ Kelman, H. C (1958). â€Å"Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change†. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2(1): 51–60. 12.^ Deutsch, M; Gà ©rard, H. B (1955). â€Å"A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgement.†. Journal of abnormal psychology 51 (3): 629–636. 13.^ Hogg, M. A.; Vaughan, G. M. (2005). Social psychology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. 14.^ Sherif, M (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harpe. 15.^ Hogg, M. A.; Vaughan, G. M. (2005). Social psychology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. 16.^ Schachter,, S (1951). â€Å"Deviation, Rejection, and communication.†. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46: 190–208. 17.^ Hodges,, B. H.; Geyer, A. L. (2006). â€Å"A Nonconformist Account of the Asch Experiments: Values, Pragmatics, and Moral Dilemmas†.Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (1): 2–19. 18.^ Deutsch, M; Gà ©rard, H. B (1955). â€Å"A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgement.†. Journal of abnormal psychology 51 (3): 629–636. 19.^ Latanà ©,, B (1981). â€Å"The psychology of social impact†. American Psychologist 63 (4): 343–356. 20.^ Forgas, J. P.; Williams, K. D (2001). Social influence: Direct and indirect processes. The Sydney symposium of social psychology.. New York:: Psychology Press.. pp. 61–76. 21.^ McKelvey, W.; Kerr, N. H. (1988). â€Å"Differences in conformity among friends and strangers†. Psychological Reports 62 (3): 759–762.. 22.^ Urberg,, K. A.; Degirmencioglu, S. M.; Pilgrim, C. (1997). â€Å"Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use†.Developmental Psychology 33 (5): 834–844. 23.^ Moscovici,, S. N. (1974). â€Å"Minority influence†. Social psychology: Classic and contemporary integrations.. Chicago:: Rand McNally. pp. 217–249.. 24.^ Felps, W; Mitchell, T R.; Byington, E (2006). â€Å"How, When, and Why Bad Apples Spoil the Barrel: Negative Group Members and Dysfunctional†.GroupsResearch in Organizational Behavior 27: 175–222. 25.^ Berry,, J W. (1967). â€Å"Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7: 415–418.. 26.^ Bond,, M. H; & Smith, P. B. (1996). â€Å"Culture and Conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using the Asch’s (1952b, 1956) line judgement task†.Psychological Bulletin 119: 111–137. 27.^ Reitan,, H; Shaw, M (1964). â€Å"Group Membership, Sex-Composition of the Group, and Conformity Beha vior†. The Journal of Social Psychology64: 45–51. 28.^ Applezweig, M H; Moeller, G (1958). Conforming behavior and personality variables. New London: Connecticut College. 29.^ Beloff,, H (1958). â€Å"Two forms of social conformity: Acquiescence and conventionality†. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56 (1): 99–104. 30.^ Coleman,, J; Blake, R R & Mouton, J S (1958). â€Å"Task difficulty and conformity pressures†. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 57(1): 120–122. 31.^ Eagly,, A. H; & Carli, L. L (1981). â€Å"Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies†. Psychological Bulletin 90 (1): 1–20. 32.^ Eagly,, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 33.^ Reitan,, H; Shaw, M (1964). â€Å"Group Membership, Sex-Composition of the Group, and Conformity Behavior†. The Journal of Social Psychology64: 45–51. 34.^ Sistrunk,, F; & McDavid, J. W (1971). â€Å"Sex variable in conforming behavior†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17 (2): 200–207. 35.^ Milgram,, S; Bickman, L. & Berkowitz, L. (1969). â€Å"Note on the drawing power of crowds of different size†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (2): 79–82. 36.age-of-the-sage.org 37.McLeod, S. A. (2007). Simply Psychology; Conformity in PsychologyConformity in Psychology. 38.Martyn Shuttleworth (2008). Asch Experiment. Retrieved 17 Apr. 2012 from Experiment. Resources: http://www.experiment-resources.com/asch-experiment.html

Plyler v Doe Essay

When state and local governments try to pass restrictions for education based on legality of the student they are, for the most part, brought to a halt by the court system. The courts cite Plyler v Doe, but why? What does Plyler v Doe do for undocumented students? Before 1982, the year when Plyler v Doe was put into action, some Texas local governments were denying funding for undocumented students and charging them a tuition fee of $1,000.00 per year. The original policy stated that the school district could withhold funds for educating children who were not legally documented within the United States. It allowed these districts to determine who was denied access to enrollment. The Supreme Court found this policy to be a violation of the children’s Fourteenth Amendment. The fourteenth Amendment states a broad definition of citizenship claiming that children born to immigrants were still citizen’s here. The Supreme Court stated that children were powerless, they had absolutely no control that their parents had crossed the boarder into the country illegally. They also thought that not educating these children would lead to progressively worse problems. Undocumented children have the same right to free public education and are obligated to attend school until they reach the age mandated by the state laws. Plyler v Doe also states that schools may not require children to prove, by document or green card, their legal citizenship but just that they live within the attendance zone of the school district. It also states that schools cannot require a social security number by the children or force them to obtain one. If a school system wants them on file, they may send out a request (in all appropriate languages) stating that if the parents want to put it in their child’s file, they may. Free and reduced lunch is determined based on the income of the family and not the student’s family legal status. In order to obtain free or reduced lunch a student needs the social security numbers of all members in the family 21 years of age and older. If there are members in the family without a social security number they must indicate it with a â€Å"none† on the worksheet. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act prohibits outside agencies from getting the information from these lunch worksheets without a court order. Along those same lines, schools are not allowed to give any information to the INS either. If I were to have been one of those voting on Plyler v Doe, I would have been with the five who had decided that it was wrong to deny these children of their education. I also believe that these children had literally no control over their parent’s decisions. If a parent decides that they are going to illegally reside in a country, a child has no vote whether or not they go. Who are we to decide that a child does not get an education? Wouldn’t denying an education cause more harm and more problems than allowing them access to school? I think that all children, no matter their documented status, deserve the same things one of which being an education and the opportunity to better themselves, their families and their future.

Free Essays on Anxiety And Panic Attacks

Anxiety and Panic Attacks THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEMAnxiety is a very common problem in the community. It has been estimated that in general practice populations, as many as 27% of patients with psychiatric symptoms have anxiety state.WHAT IS ANXIETY?Anxiety disorders can vary enormously from severe generalised anxiety in which there is a feeling of constant dread with unpleasant bodily symptoms, to panic attacks, which may be a sudden onset of these symptoms, appearing to come out of the blue. Fear of having a panic attack can be very disabling, preventing people from going about normal work or social activities and leading to agoraphobia. Other fears, (phobias) may focus on specific situations or objects. Many sufferers of anxiety have experienced a mixture of these conditions, possibly over a long period of time.MOODWith anxiety, the mood is one of feeling keyed up and irritable.COGNITIONSThe thinking patterns characteristically focus on excessive worry about things. There may be thoughts about being vulner able or ineffective, or being threatened by events or other people. Often there is poor concentration.BIOLOGICAL FEATURESAn anxious person is in a state of high arousal: there may be increased heart rate, weating, shaking, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth and a range of other symptoms.BEHAVIOUR AND MOTIVATIONWith anxiety, the person may be uneasy, jumpy and restless, always on the lookout for possible danger or difficulty in an effort to avoid such situations. A sufferer may appear to have few distressing symptoms simply by avoiding situations in which they arise.CAUSESThere is no one cause for the onset of an anxiety disorder. There may be a family predisposition. Sometimes the onset coincides with a life event: bereavement, unemployment, childbirth etc., or with physical illness, or with a period of stress.TREATMENTIn the past, benzodiazepine medication has been prescribed, but the evidence of habituation and dependency has caused ... Free Essays on Anxiety And Panic Attacks Free Essays on Anxiety And Panic Attacks Anxiety and Panic Attacks THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEMAnxiety is a very common problem in the community. It has been estimated that in general practice populations, as many as 27% of patients with psychiatric symptoms have anxiety state.WHAT IS ANXIETY?Anxiety disorders can vary enormously from severe generalised anxiety in which there is a feeling of constant dread with unpleasant bodily symptoms, to panic attacks, which may be a sudden onset of these symptoms, appearing to come out of the blue. Fear of having a panic attack can be very disabling, preventing people from going about normal work or social activities and leading to agoraphobia. Other fears, (phobias) may focus on specific situations or objects. Many sufferers of anxiety have experienced a mixture of these conditions, possibly over a long period of time.MOODWith anxiety, the mood is one of feeling keyed up and irritable.COGNITIONSThe thinking patterns characteristically focus on excessive worry about things. There may be thoughts about being vulner able or ineffective, or being threatened by events or other people. Often there is poor concentration.BIOLOGICAL FEATURESAn anxious person is in a state of high arousal: there may be increased heart rate, weating, shaking, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth and a range of other symptoms.BEHAVIOUR AND MOTIVATIONWith anxiety, the person may be uneasy, jumpy and restless, always on the lookout for possible danger or difficulty in an effort to avoid such situations. A sufferer may appear to have few distressing symptoms simply by avoiding situations in which they arise.CAUSESThere is no one cause for the onset of an anxiety disorder. There may be a family predisposition. Sometimes the onset coincides with a life event: bereavement, unemployment, childbirth etc., or with physical illness, or with a period of stress.TREATMENTIn the past, benzodiazepine medication has been prescribed, but the evidence of habituation and dependency has caused ...

Biography of William Walker, Yankee Imperialist

Biography of William Walker, Yankee Imperialist William Walker (May 8, 1824–September 12, 1860) was an American adventurer and soldier who served as president of Nicaragua from 1856 to 1857. He tried to gain control over most of Central America  but failed and was executed by firing squad in 1860 in Honduras. Fast Facts: William Walker Known For: Invading and taking over Latin American countries (known as filibustering)Also Known As: General Walker; the grey-eyed man of destinyBorn: May 8, 1824 in Nashville, TennesseeParents: James Walker, Mary NorvellDied: September 12, 1860 in Trujillo, HondurasEducation: University of Nashville, University of Edinburgh,  University of Heidelberg, University of PennsylvaniaPublished Works: The War in Nicaragua Early Life Born into a distinguished family in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8, 1824, William Walker was a child genius. He graduated from the University of Nashville at the top of his class at the age of 14. By the time he was 25, he had a degree in medicine and another in law and was legally allowed to practice as both a doctor and lawyer. He also worked as a publisher and journalist. Walker was restless, taking a long trip to Europe and living in Pennsylvania, New Orleans, and San Francisco in his early years. Although he stood only 5-foot-2, Walker had a commanding presence and the charisma to spare. The Filibusters In 1850, Venezuelan-born Narciso Lopez led a group of mostly American mercenaries in an assault on Cuba. The goal was to take over the government and later attempt to become part of the United States. The state of Texas, which had broken off from Mexico a few years before, was an example of a region of a sovereign nation that had been taken over by Americans before gaining statehood. The practice of invading small countries or states with the intention of causing independence was known as filibustering. Although the U.S. government was in full expansionist mode by 1850, it frowned on filibustering as a way to expand the nations borders. Assault on Baja California Inspired by the examples of Texas and Lopez, Walker set out to conquer the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California, which at that time were sparsely populated. With only 45 men, Walker marched south and promptly captured La Paz, the  capital of Baja California. Walker renamed the state the Republic of Lower California, later to be replaced by the Republic of Sonora, declared himself president, and applied the laws of the State of Louisiana, which included legalized slavery. Back in the United States, word of his daring attack had spread. Most Americans thought Walkers project was a great idea. Men lined up to volunteer to join the expedition. Around this time, he got the nickname the gray-eyed man of destiny. Defeat in Mexico By early 1854, Walker had been reinforced by 200 Mexicans who believed in his vision and another 200 Americans from San Francisco who wanted to get in on the ground floor of the new republic. But they had few supplies, and discontent grew. The Mexican government, which could not send a large army to crush the invaders, nevertheless was able to muster up enough of a force to skirmish with Walker and his men a couple of times and keep them from getting too comfortable in La Paz. In addition, the ship that had carried him to Baja California sailed off against his orders, taking many of his supplies with it. In early 1854, Walker decided to roll the dice and march on the strategic city of Sonora. If he could capture it, more volunteers and investors would join the expedition. But many of his men deserted, and by May he had only 35 men left. He crossed the border and surrendered to American forces there, never having reached Sonora. On Trial Walker was tried in San Francisco in federal court on charges of violating United States neutrality laws and policies. Popular sentiment was still with him, however, and he was acquitted of all charges by a jury after only eight minutes of deliberating. He returned to his law practice, convinced that he would have succeeded with more men and supplies. Nicaragua Within a year, Walker was back in action. Nicaragua was a rich, green nation that had one great advantage: in the days before the  Panama Canal, most shipping went through Nicaragua along a route that led up the San Juan River from the Caribbean, across Lake Nicaragua and then overland to the port of Rivas. Nicaragua was in the throes of a civil war between the cities of Granada and Leon to determine which city would have more power. Walker was approached by the Leon faction- which was losing- and soon rushed to Nicaragua with some 60 well-armed men. Upon landing, he was reinforced with another 100 Americans and almost 200 Nicaraguans. His army marched on Granada and captured it in October 1855. Because he was already considered supreme general of the army, he had no trouble declaring himself president. In May 1856, U.S. President  Franklin Pierce  officially recognized Walkers government. Defeat in Nicaragua Walker had made many enemies in his conquest. Greatest among them was perhaps  Cornelius Vanderbilt, who controlled an international shipping empire. As president, Walker revoked Vanderbilts rights to ship through Nicaragua. Vanderbilt was enraged and sent soldiers to oust him. Vanderbilts men were joined by those of other Central American nations, chiefly Costa Rica, who feared that Walker would take over their countries. Walker had overturned Nicaraguas anti-slavery laws and made English the official language, which angered many Nicaraguans. In early 1857 the Costa Ricans invaded, supported by Guatemala,  Honduras, and El Salvador, as well as Vanderbilts money and men. Walkers army was defeated at the Second Battle of Rivas, and he was forced to return once again to the United States. Honduras Walker was greeted as a hero in the U.S., particularly in the South. He wrote a book about his adventures, resumed his law practice, and began making plans to try again to take Nicaragua, which he still believed to be his. After a few false starts, including one in which U.S. authorities captured him as he set sail, he landed near Trujillo, Honduras, where he was captured by the British Royal Navy. Death The British already had important colonies in Central American in British Honduras, now Belize, and the Mosquito Coast, in present-day Nicaragua, and they did not want Walker stirring up rebellions. They turned him over to Honduran authorities, who executed him by firing squad on Sept. 12, 1860. It is reported that in his final words he asked for clemency for his men, assuming the responsibility of the Honduras expedition himself. He was 36 years old. Legacy Walkers filibusters had a significant impact on southerners interested in maintaining slave-owning territory; even after his death, his example inspired the Confederacy. Central American countries, by contrast, saw their defeat of Walker and his armies as a source of pride. In Costa Rica, April 11 is celebrated as a national holiday to commemorate Walkers defeat at Rivas. Walker has also been the subject of several books and two movies. Sources The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"William Walker.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Mar. 2019.Levrier-Jones, George. â€Å"Man of Destiny: William Walker and the Conquest of Nicaragua.† History Is Now Magazine, 24 Apr. 2018.Norvell, John Edward, How Tennessee Adventurer William Walker became Dictator of Nicaragua in 1857: The Norvell Family origins of the Grey-Eyed Man of Destiny, The Middle Tennessee Journal of Genealogy and History, Vol XXV, No.4, Spring 2012

Models for competitive ddynamis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Models for competitive ddynamis - Essay Example The idea of using internet was later branded Grow Your Business (GYB) strategy. While DYB focusses on chances of business failure, GYB focusses on the growth gap ahead and do not consider the past or current state of the, which can yield negative effects in the future, it is all about optimism without real time consideration. (Byrne, 1998). While GYB is based on future growth, DYB considers the current position of the business in terms of mistakes, unutilized chances and comes up with a way of handling the problems. This way, the business is able to identify its weakness and strengthen them. As a result, the business is able to compete favorably. DYB provided a better foundation for the two major types of business growth and profit maximization, namely top-line growth and bottom line growth. In top line growth, one identifies lucrative ideas and invests more funds on them to generate more revenues, this can be identified by checking on how the products are doing in market and making decision on where to direct more effort based on DYB results. The bottom line growth involves cutting cost so that profits are maximized; this is the basis of DYB (Byrne, 1998). Generally, DYB have more chances of keeping a business equally competitive to the rest of the firms and is more critical in profit maximization in the long-term per iod. Cannibalization when used in business context refers to deliberate reduction in production, sales and revenue from a product because of introduction of another product from the same producer (Ward & Reiffen, 2005). Virtually, this may seem to be antagonistic to the aims of profit-oriented organization, but if carefully planned may yield more profit and help a company contain competition from rivals. Rather than producing a new product to capture new clients, the company maintains the old clients by swapping demand for the established product with demand for the new product. In essence, two items belonging to the same company competes

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value - Essay Example The relationship between CSR and brand value can be characterized as quite close. The specific relationship is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is given on the potentials of CSR to add brand value. The literature published in regard to this subject has been reviewed. The studies reviewed indicated that CSR has a key role in adding brand value. However, the above role is not standardized in firms worldwide. Rather, it is depended on the position of each firm in the global market, the organizational structure and the local culture and ethics. Indeed, consumers worldwide are not likely to be equally affected by the performance of an organization in regard to CSR, even if the value of the organization as a business unit is highly influenced by the level at which CSR rules are incorporated in the organization’s strategies. 2. Corporate social responsibility and brand value 2.1 Corporate social responsibility – overview In order to understand the involvement of CSR in adding brand value, it is necessary to describe the context of CSR, as developed in modern organizations. In accordance with Hennigfeld et al. (2007) the corporate social responsibility can be described as an activity of ‘undertaking business in an ethical way in order to achieve sustainable development, not only in economic terms, but also in the social and environmental sphere’ (Hennigfeld et al. 2007, in Mead and Andrews 2009, p.429). In other words, corporate social responsibility, as part of organizational environment, can be characterized as a framework of rules aiming to secure that the operations of a particular firm is ethical, as referring to the labour laws, the environment and so on. The CSR framework of each organization is usually based on the local ethics, laws and culture. However, when the firm operates in the global market its CSR rules need to be also aligned with the international laws and principles governing various organizational activities. T he plan of CSR within modern organizations is presented in Figure 1, Appendix. Through the specific graph it is clear that CSR defines the relationship between the organization and its stakeholders, including the customers, the government and the communities. The level at which these relationships are developed or not affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. In practice, it has been proved that CSR is used as a tool for promoting brand value. At the first level, such trend can be understood since CSR affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. However, the terms under which CSR can be involved in adding brand value are not quite clear. The context of the use of CSR for adding brand value is described below, referring to the practical implications of the relationship between CSR and brand image. 2.2 How corporate social responsibility adds brand value Branding is closely related to CSR. Their relationship can be described as follows: firms that have been found to violate the law in regard to labour relations or the environment are not likely to be welcomed by consumers in the developed countries (Visser, Matten and Tolhurst 2010). The activities of the above firms in the developing countries would be also negatively affected. Indeed, producers in these countries would not trust such organizations and would prefer to